NSW Y11 Maths - Extension 1 Permutations and Combinations Pigeonhole Principle

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Pigeonhole Principle Theory

NSW Syllabus Reference

NSW Syllabus Reference: ME-A1.1: Permutations and combinations. This will require student to 

  • list and count the number of ways an event can occur
  • use the fundamental counting principle (also known as the multiplication principle)
  • use factorial notation to describe and determine the number of ways 𝑛 different items can be arranged in a line or a circle
  • solve simple problems and prove results using the pigeonhole principle (ACMSM006)
  • understand and use permutations to solve problems (ACMSM001)
  • solve problems involving permutations and restrictions with or without repeated objects (ACMSM004)
  • understand and use combinations to solve problems (ACMSM007)
  • solve practical problems involving permutations and combinations, including those involving simple probability situations

Ref: https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/

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  • Pigeonhole Principle - Video - Pigeonhole Principle Proof

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Theory

The pigeonhole principle is a way of finding how a number of items can be placed in a number of containers.

For example: If you have ten pigeons in nine pigeonholes, then one of the pigeonholes must contain at least two pigeons. In general if \((n + 1)\) items occupy \(n\) containers, then at least one of the containers must contain at least two items. For \(n > k\) if \(n\) items are sitting in \(k\) containers then there is at least one container with at least \(\dfrac{n}{k}\) items in it.

For example: There are ten pigeons sitting in six pigeonholes. What is the least number of pigeons to occupy one pigeonhole?

\(n = 10,\,k = 6 \to \dfrac{n}{k} = {\mathop{\rm int}} \left( {\dfrac{{10}}{6}} \right) = 2\). Hence there must be at least 2 pigeons to occupy one pigeonhole.